Which economic scenario often results from crowding out?

Crowding out occurs when increased public sector spending leads to a reduction in private sector spending. This situation typically arises when government borrowing raises interest rates, making it more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow money. Consequently, individuals and businesses may curtail their investment and spending due to the higher cost of financing.

The result is often a decline in overall economic activity as private sector investment—which is crucial for economic growth—is diminished. When the government competes for financial resources in the market, it can crowd out private borrowing, leading to a slowdown in economic expansion, lower productivity, and a potential increase in unemployment.

The other scenarios presented, such as growth in small businesses, increase in public infrastructure investment, and stabilization of financial markets, do not accurately reflect the typical outcomes associated with crowding out. Instead, they suggest conditions where economic activity could thrive or stabilize, which is contrary to the implications of crowding out.